A minor penalty charged to the team instead of one player, for things like too many players on the ice or misconduct from the bench. A player chosen by the coach usually serves it.
Checking or pushing an opponent violently into the boards, especially when they cannot protect themselves. It is dangerous contact that can cause head, neck and spine injuries.
Hitting an opponent from behind when they cannot see the hit coming, often into the boards. It is one of the most dangerous fouls in hockey because it can cause spinal and head injuries.
Hitting an opponent with the shaft of the stick held in both hands, with no part of the stick on the ice. It is especially dangerous from behind or near the boards.
Hits and stick fouls that put players at serious risk, such as head contact, checking from behind, late hits, boarding, charging and slew-footing. Rulebooks punish them harder to protect players.
Stopping or slowing play on purpose, such as shooting the puck out of play, knocking the net off its moorings or holding the puck against the boards. What counts depends on the rulebook.
Breaking the faceoff rules, such as moving early, setting up wrong or a teammate entering the circle too soon. Usually the player taking the draw is replaced, and repeated violations can draw a penalty, depending on the rulebook.
Illegally contacting the goalie or getting in the way of their ability to move or make a save, especially in the crease. A goal can be disallowed for it, and the exact standard depends on the rulebook.
Passing the puck to a teammate with your hand. It is usually allowed in your own defensive zone and stops play elsewhere; under most rulebooks it is a stoppage, not a penalty.
Hitting an opponent with a stick carried above the height the rulebook allows, usually around the shoulders. Players are responsible for their stick even when the contact is accidental.
Body checking in a game or classification where checking is not allowed, such as younger age groups and most girls' and women's play. Which levels allow checking depends on the rulebook.
A hit that makes contact with an opponent's head or neck in a way the rulebook does not allow. USA Hockey and other governing bodies treat head contact as a top safety priority because of concussion risk.
Using gear that does not meet the rules, such as a stick blade with too much curve or missing required protection. Requirements depend on the rulebook and level.
Checking a player after they have already passed or released the puck, when they no longer expect contact. Safety programs work to eliminate late hits.
A longer penalty for a more serious foul, usually five minutes and usually served in full even if the other team scores. Some rulebooks add an ejection to certain majors.
The most common penalty: the player sits in the penalty box for a short time, usually two minutes, while the team plays shorthanded. The length and whether it ends early after a goal depend on the rulebook.
A punishment for breaking a rule, usually time in the penalty box that leaves the team shorthanded. The type and length come from the applicable rulebook.
A ban from future games handed out by a league or governing body after serious penalties or conduct. The length and process depend on the rulebook and league.